Sex and marriage Essay Example for Free

Sex and marriage Essay The Country Wife shows us that peoples attitude towards love, sex and marriage have not changed in over 300 years How far do you agree with this statement? The Country Wife is a 17th century drama set in the period when the restoration was evolving. The once puritan England was vastly flourishing with greater tolerance towards political and social change under the influence of Charles II. Soon theatres of the past reopened with fresh enthusiasm and risqui ideas were portrayed openly to audiences of the time. The Country Wife was just one of the many comedies of its era and Wycherley was commonly displaying the spirit of the age. Interestingly, the modern audience of today can also relate to some of the humour in the Country Wife, this poses the question, has peoples attitudes towards social aspects changed? Throughout the Country Wife, there are many references to love, marriage and sex although there is more content focusing on the latter. The characters that Wycherley has used reflect the ideas of the time. The plays focus is primarily on Horner; the witty rake who like many of the other men in the play is simply out to satisfy his own sexual desires. This type of behaviour does not surprise a modern audience and if anything, we can relate to it as a norm in our present society. What the reader must bear in mind when reading the Country wife is the fact that people were recently formally repressed and forced to live a puritan lifestyle. When the restoration took place, many people were willing to explore their sexuality and freedom willingly and that is why there are many references to sex in the play. One of the common fears of the men in the play, particularly Pinchwife is to be made a cuckold, which in modern terms is simply a husband who has been cheated on by his wife. Pinchwife claims, What is wit in a wife good for, but to make a man a cuckold? This interestingly portrays how men were extremely conscious of their wives purity and faithfulness, however, what provokes humour in the play is the complete one sidedness attitude of the men especially when Horner says, But tell me, has marriage cured thee of whoring which it seldom does This shows how men thought that they had the right to be unfaithful however; if a woman were to commit adultery, the man was seen as a fool. Obviously, this idea has changed over the years and the word cuckold is now one of the past. The similarity nevertheless between these two ideas is that people nowadays have different views over a woman having many sexual relationships in comparison to a man. The main idea being that a woman is classified as having a reputation if she has many sexual partners whereas a man is generally seen as a stud.

Life :: essays research papers

A boy comes of age in an Italian-American neighborhood in the Bronx. His father gives him a piece of advice: "Nothing is more tragic than a wasted talent." A street-corner gangster gives him another piece of advice: "Nobody really cares." These pieces of advice seem contradictory, but the boy finds that they make a nice fit. The kid, whose name is Calogero but who is called C, idolizes Sonny. He likes the way Sonny exercises a quiet authority, and talks with his hands, and dresses well. When C is 17, he goes to work for Sonny, against his father's wishes. And in the year when most of the film is set, he learns lessons that he will use all of his life. "A Bronx Tale" was written for the stage by Palminteri, who plays Sonny with a calm grace in the film, but was Calogero in real life. There have been a lot of movies about neighborhood Mafiosos (Martin Scorsese's "Goodfellas" was the best), but this movie isn't like the others. It doesn't tell some dumb story about how the bus driver and the mobster have to shoot each other, or about how C is the hostage in a tug of war. It's about two men with some experience of life, who love this kid and want to help him out. Lorenzo, the bus driver, gives sound advice: "You want to see a real hero? Look at a guy who gets up in the morning and goes off to work and supports his family. That's heroism." But Sonny gives sound advice, too. One of the things he tells C is that you cannot live your life on the basis of what other people think you should do, because when the chips are down, nobody really cares. You're giving them a power they don't really have. That sounds like deep thinking for a guy who hangs on the corner and runs a numbers racket, but Son ny, as played by Palminteri, is a complex, lonely character, who might have been a priest or a philosopher had not life called him to the vocation of neighborhood boss. Nine year-old Calogero (Francis Capra) is the streetwise son of Lorenzo Anello (Robert De Niro), a bus driver who takes pride in his work ethic and expects to instill the same values in his son. Calagero, however, is in awe of the local mob boss, Sonny (Chazz Palminteri), and when Calogero keeps his mouth shut after witnessing Sonny do a hit, the boy is taken under Sonny's wing and shown the ways of the wiseguys.

The internal stakeholders refer to the employees

The current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry and as a result businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal operations in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage.In this respect, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal: differentiation, cost minimization and focus. However the effectiveness of these strategies depends on effective communications between the internal stakeholders and the external stakeholders.The internal stakeholders refer to the employees and the top management while the external stakeholders are the channel members such as the customers, the distribution intermediaries and the suppliers. The top management in a business organization has to coordinate between the different stakeholder groups in order to maximize operational efficiency.This is particularly relevant in the case of international business which is characterized by differing customer tastes and preferences acros s political boundaries. As a result, integrated marketing communications are the critical success factors in building and maintaining a competitive advantage.A business organization has three strategies at its disposal: differentiation, cost minimization and focus (cited in Chanaron & Jolly, 1999).In order to make these strategies effective, the management of a business organization has to conduct marketing programs on a periodic basis so that customer tastes and preferences can be tracked. For this reason, marketing is essential to improving business performance.In this respect, the high state of competitive rivalry means that achieving sustainability in competitive advantages is no longer simple. For this reason, organizational structures have to be maintained flexible (cited in Culpan, 1989).This allows the organization to adapt to changing circumstance in the market. However the management must have information about market dynamics in the first place. For this reason marketing metrics must be developed and according to these metrics performance measures must be developed.Marketing shapes consumer needs and wants through efficient application of the 4Ps of marketing. The four Ps are price, product, place and promotion (cited in Hitt, 2007). Marketing managers can make use of the 4 Ps to manipulate consumer needs and wants because consumers are not always aware of their own needs.Therefore it is left to the marketing manager to determine what needs are hidden and then to develop the products that would satisfy those needs (cited in Greenley, 1989). In this manner, the marketing manager creates both fresh needs and wants.For example, computer users did not know that they needed a graphical user interface until Microsoft introduced the concept (cited in Kotler & Armstrong, 2005). In this case the need was user-friendliness in operating computer applications. By identifying this need, Microsoft created Windows which created the consumer want. Consumers wanted Windows to satisfy their need for user-friendly computing experience.This example serves to illustrate that the marketing manager can certainly shape consumer needs and wants. He can do so by collecting information about the market and by forecasting future market demands based on this information.Collecting information about the market takes place through market research. This information enables the marketing manager to conduct market segmentation effectively. Market segmentation facilitates target marketing.The marketing manager shapes consumer needs and wants through the process of target marketing. The four Ps serve as the tools with which to conduct target marketing. In Microsoft’s example, the product was given the features of a graphical user interface in order to enhance user-friendliness of the product.The pricing method followed was the value-in-use pricing. Considerable expenditures were made in promotion in order to illustrate to the consumers how they could bene fit from using the product.Finally, place was attended to in the form of product bundling in which IBM personal computers were packaged with a version of Windows, thus facilitating product availability. The strategy at the heart of Windows’ campaign was product differentiation and through this strategy Microsoft shaped the needs and wants of the IT market.The marketing manager has to monitor the stage of the product lifecycle. He has to maintain the product in the growth stage because either in the maturity or the decline stage, the product will have to be discontinued (cited in Dess, 2007).However the threat of competitive rivalry means that the marketing manager will have to constantly introduce new features into the product in order to maintain it in the growth stage. In this respect, the marketing manager is shaping consumer needs and wants by differentiating product features in line with his reading of unstated needs in the market. However with effective market research, the market manager can also create wants unaccompanied by any needs.This is the phenomenon of consumerism which leads to purchases for the purpose of personal satisfaction and not to satisfy any actual needs (cited in Martin, 1985). Consumerism is an example of the way in which marketing shapes consumer needs and wants.Because of the high state of competitive rivalry, businesses must conduct the continuous improvement program. This means that managing change on a continuous basis becomes a critical success factor (cited in Zineldin, 2000).However, as mentioned before, the challenge in making change work is to maintain alignment with the strategic focus of the company. This alignment cannot be maintained unless employees are involved in the process.Most change management projects fail because of employee resistance (cited in Aaker, 2004). Employees are unwilling to give up traditional practices in which they had built up a considerable level of experience and expertise.For this reas on the top management must involve the employees when it comes to implementing change. However involvement of the employees must depend on external market conditions which will set the direction of change. In other words, the perspectives of learning and growth and internal business processes must be aligned to the customer perspective (cited in Bank, 1993). This illustrates the importance of marketing to the rest of the organization.Because of the fast change in the current business environment, businesses can no longer continue to conduct their operations as before. For this reason they need a forward-looking performance management system which creates an evolving framework of metrics for performance measurement. That is why the balanced scorecard is valuable management tool.However the effectiveness of this tool can only be maintained with marketing because marketing enables the management to assess the future direction of demand patterns according to which internal processes can be reengineered. Even though employees are the most important assets of an organization, they are only relevant to the extent that they are able to satisfy market needs. So marketing is critical to improving business performance.As mentioned before, the current business environment is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry. This means that businesses have to constantly reengineer their internal operations in order to build and maintain a competitive advantage (cited in Grover & Kettinger, 2008). Therefore the process of managing change becomes a critical success factor.When it comes to managing change involving a techno-structural intervention, the strategic alignment process becomes relevant. This alignment process takes place between four areas: IT strategy, business strategy, organizational issues and information systems issues (cited in Stair & Reynolds, 2007). IT strategy is the process of selecting the best software and hardware platform while business s trategy refers to the financing strategy.Organizational issues refer to the employees’ skills sets while the information systems issues refer to the knowledge management system. In this respect, the alignment process cannot be achieved effectively unless there is an efficient and effective communications structure.Employees are the most important assets of an organization and therefore the top management has to focus on creating the best possible working conditions (cited in Armstrong, 2005). In this respect, the critical consideration is to create an efficient and effective performance management system. This is so because the strategic focus of an organization should be to align employee interests to organizational interests.Therefore the management has to build a communications structure which will indicate to the employees as to which behavioral aspects are desired by the top management. In this respect, the learning contract becomes relevant. The learning contract is a d ocument which specifies the activities that will be taken in order to attain a learning goal.The learning contract is an example of integrated marketing communications because it represents an agreement between different stakeholder groups such as the employees, their immediate managers and the external stakeholders (cited in Ross & Perry, 2002). The advantage of this learning process is that the learning goals are aligned to the strategic focus of the organization.Organizations in the current business environment have to maintain a continuous improvement program. As mentioned before, this refers to the process of managing change.However when it comes to managing change, integrated marketing communications become more important than ever because employee resistance is the main reason behind the failures of most change management projects (cited in Hoyle, 2007).Therefore the most important aspect when it comes to managing change is that the top management has to stay in constant comm unications with the employees in order to promote the cause of change. In this respect, the management must determine how the change is aligned to enhancing the strategic focus of the company.Once this alignment has been facilitated, the management can communicate with the employees to promote the potential of higher productivity as a result of the change. The main reason behind employee resistance to change is that the employees will have to learn news ways of conducting the operational processes.Integrated marketing communications are critical when it comes to building a culture based on ownership, responsibility and accountability (cited in Besterfield, 2002). As mentioned before, organizations have the three strategies of differentiation, cost minimization and focus.The problem with implementing these three strategies is that they create competitive advantages that are not sustainable. As mentioned before, the current business environment is characterized by a fast pace of chang e driven by both technological sophistication and managerial developments. Therefore achieving sustainability is the critical success factor (cited in Shannon, 1999).However that objective cannot be met with the aforementioned three strategies because the competitor organizations can copy these strategies quickly in order to create similar operational improvements and thus the competitive advantage is gone quickly.As a result, the management must create an organizational structure which can be the source of a sustainable competitive advantage (cited in Higgins, 1972).This organizational structure is based on a specific cultural orientation which can be built through integrated marketing communications.Integrated marketing communications are critical to building a culture based on innovation and learning. In order to maintain innovations, the management of the company has to conduct training and development programs on a periodic basis.However the problem with formal training and dev elopment programs is that they cannot anticipate all the issues that are likely to arise in the actual business environment. An additional problem is to create a framework which can assess the return on investment in these training and development programs.These problems are avoided with the learning contracts. This is because in the learning contract the learning outcomes are individually negotiated between the learner and the teacher.Therefore the learning outcomes are directly tied to the strategic focus of the organization. In this respect the learner, the employee, is in the best position to determine the training needs while the teacher, the manager, is in the best position to determine whether these needs can be aligned to the strategic focus of the organization.Integrated marketing communications also involve external channel members. This can be illustrated with the case of Dell Inc (cited in Leseure & Brookes, 2004). The computer hardware manufacturer implements the e-comm erce business model.This facilitates the direct distribution model which enables the company to eliminate distribution intermediaries from the value chain. In this manner, the company has managed to implement the cost minimization strategy effectively. However in order to maintain this effectiveness, the company has to coordinate closely with the suppliers in order to ensure that the needed components are delivered timely to the factory floor.In this respect, the integrated marketing communications take place in the form of information sharing. The information sharing network enables the company to share demand forecasts with the suppliers so that they can maintain their own inventory accordingly (cited in Fred, 2006).Implementing this system has enabled Dell to achieve the highest level of inventory turnover in the industry. The success that Dell has had in creating a market leadership position would not have been possible without integrated marketing communications.Integrated mark eting communications become even more important when it comes to international business. When it comes to globalizing operations, a business organization has three strategies at its disposal: acquisitions, joint ventures and Greenfield projects.Depending on the level of cultural differentiation, the international business can select one of these strategies when it comes to globalization. However those companies which focus on maintaining a particular cultural orientation adopt the strategy of Greenfield projects because it allows them to recreate the same organizational structure as there is in the home country.In this respect delegation of authority becomes a critical consideration because companies must customize their strategies to align with the local cultural attributes. In this respect, the issues of standardization and customization become important. However in order to address these issues effectively, integrated marketing communications become critical. In this respect, the management must communicate with different stakeholders.For both public and private sector organizations, adopting the strategy of integrated marketing communications is a vital component of improving operational effectiveness in terms of maximizing the value of each dollar spent. According to the traditional framework, different marketing activities are conducted in separate silos.However there is no need to maintain separate silos as the different marketing programs are communicating with the same target market (cited in Raffee & Kreutzer, 1989). Therefore the result is duplication of efforts and the waste of resources.In order to make the communications process effective, the separate silos have to conduct market research activities. As a result the activities are being duplicated across the organization. In this framework, the strategy of spending is not in alignment with the strategic focus of the organization.In order to create this alignment, the management in both public an d private sector organizations must conduct integrated marketing communications. This means that different departments across the organization are coordinating their marketing efforts and therefore expenditures are not being duplicatedIn conducting integrated marketing communications, the process of internal benchmarking becomes effective (cited in Chandra, 1993).According to the process of internal benchmarking, the different departments within an organization compare internal processes to identify those which are producing the best results. In this respect, a database of best practices is developed and these best practices are implemented throughout the organization, thus organizational effectiveness is maximized.The process is relevant when it comes to conducting integrated marketing communications. In this respect, different departments can compare their success rates in terms of communicating with the public via different promotional media and thus consolidate the operations in terms of focusing only on those media which have been producing the best results.This maximizes operational effectiveness not only in terms of minimizing costs but also in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of promotional messages that are sent to the target market.In order to make the process of integrated marketing communications effective, the management has to conduct market research in order to facilitate the process of market segmentation (cited in Omachonu & Ross, 2004). The process of market segmentation enables a business organization to determine the stakeholders in terms of their demographics and psychographics so that specific needs can be addressed in the communications process.However as the case of Dell Inc. illustrates, the advent of the Internet has changed the communications process fundamentally. The advent of the Internet means that the consumers are inundated with information. Therefore both private and public sector organizations have to work harder in orde r to grip the consumers’ minds.In addressing this difficulty, integrated marketing communications are the critical success factors. This is because the modern business organization has a knowledge management system which maintains information on the different promotional media that are being applied. Integrated marketing communications enable the management to capitalize on this knowledge management system.In order to maximize the effectiveness of integrated marketing communications, both private and public sector organizations have to develop unique positioning strategies. This means identifying the needs of the target market because an effective positioning strategy must address these needs. However because the consumers are inundated with information from all kinds of media, it is difficult for an organization to get their attention.Therefore the organization must broadcast its message in such a manner that it will grab the audience’s attention immediately. This obj ective can only be met through integrated marketing communications because under this framework, the different departments are coordinating their activities so that a variety of promotional strategies can be synergistically combined (cited in George & Weimerskirch, 1998).This maximizes the efficiency of the communications process. Therefore the process has to start with identifying the needs of the audience. Once these needs have been identified, the management can create an effective positioning strategy (cited in Goetsch & Davis, 2003).The effectiveness of integrated marketing communications lies in the fact that consumers are indifferent as to which source of information the message is coming from. They certainly do not discriminate between different promotional media. Yet it is only through broadcasting through different promotional media that a private or a public sector organization can get the message across to its audience (cited in Pearlson & Saunders, 2007).Therefore the d ifferent departments in an organization must coordinate in order to send a consistent message using different promotional media. Therefore the process of integrated marketing communications also ensures that a consistent message is delivered to the audience.This strengthens the positioning strategy of the company. This is a critical consideration in the current business environment which is characterized by a considerable level of competitive rivalry which drowns the market in information in the form of promotional campaigns. This creates a challenge for public sector organizations which must engineer an integrated marketing communication process to cut through the staticFor both private and public sector organizations, marketing communications are the vitals tools of ensuring the viability of their operations. This has been long recognized. Therefore all organizations are conducting the communications process in one form or another. However particularly in public sector organizatio ns the communications process is highly fragmented across different departments.As a result, the same organization may be transmitting different messages to its target audience. These inconsistencies can be eliminated through the integrated marketing communications process which is essentially a process of addressing the needs of the stakeholders by targeting them with the same message across a number of different promotional media. Therefore the process has to be driven by the needs of the audience.Depending on the needs and the segmentation characteristics of the audience, the private or public sector organization has to develop the message and select the right promotional media.ReferencesAaker, David A. (2004). Strategic Market Management. McGraw Hill/Irwin.Armstrong, Michael. (2005). Strategic Human Resource Management. Prentice Hall.Bank, John. (1993). The Essence of Total Quality Management. McGraw Hill.Besterfield, Dale H., et al. (2002). Total Quality Management. McGraw Hill /Irwin.Chanaron, Jean-Jacques & Dominique Jolly 1999, ‘Technological management: expanding the perspective of management of technology ’, Management Decision, 37, pp 23-43.Chandra, Mahesh 1993, ‘Total quality management in management development’, Journal of management development, 12, pp 12-15.Culpan, Refik 1989, ‘Leadership styles and human resource management: a content analysis of popular management writings’ Management Decision, 27, pp 43-54.Dess, Gregory G., et al. (2007). Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantage.McGraw Hill/Irwin.Fred, David. (2006). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Prentice Hall.George, Stephen, and Arnold Weimerskirch. (1998). Total quality management:Strategies and Techniques Proven at Today’s Most Successful Companies. South western college pub.Goetsch, David L. and Stanley B. Davis. (2003). Quality Management: Introduction to Total Quality Management for Production, Processing and Service s. Wiley.Greenley, Gordon E 1989, ‘An understanding of marketing strategy’ European Journal of Marketing, 19, pp 12-16.Grover, Varun and William J. Kettinger. (2008). Business Process Change:Reengineering Concepts, Methods and Technologies. Prentice Hall.Higgins, J. C. 1972, ‘Management information systems and the management scientist’,Management Decision, 10, pp 32-35.Hitt, Michael A., et al. (2007). Strategic Management Concepts. Wiley.Hoyle, David. (2007). Quality Management Essentials. Prentice Hall.Kotler, Philip., and Gary Armstrong. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall.Leseure, Michel J & Naomi J Brookes 2004, ‘Knowledge management benchmarks for project management ’, Journal of knowledge management, 8, pp 10-14.Martin, Charles L 1985, ‘Delineating the boundaries of marketing’ European Journal of Marketing, 19, pp 12-16.Omachonu, Vincent K. and Joel E. Ross. (2004). Principles of Total Quality. Prentice Hall.Pearls on, Keri E., and Carol S. Saunders. (2007). Managing & Using Information Systems.South western college pub.Raffee, Hans & Ralf T. Kreutzer 1989, ‘Organizational dimensions of global marketing’, Journal of knowledge management, 23, pp 6-14.Ross, Joel E. and Susan Perry. (2002). Total Quality Management: Text, Cases, Readings. Wiley.Shannon, J Richard 1999, ‘Sports marketing: an examination of academic marketing publication’ Journal of Services Marketing, 13, pp 19-23.Stair, Ralph., and George Reynolds. (2007). Fundamentals of Information Systems.McGraw Hill/Irwin.Zineldin, Mosad 2000, ‘Beyond relationship marketing: technologicalship marketing’Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 18, pp 32-34. Â  

Accomplishments Of Women During Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2788 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Women have not always had a life with equal rights, men usually had most of the power and had more rights than women. Especially during the Civil War where women would mostly not be able to play a part in. Men were the ones who played the big roles, such as fighting and even nursing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Accomplishments Of Women During Civil War" essay for you Create order Women did not have the chance to participate in any of the things men did mainly because of the rights that they had. They rarely had jobs like the men, their main priorities were to take care of their kids and do chores at home (Rowen). Even though they were not able to fight legally, some women still did and changed their identities, so that they would not have to deal with problems. War not only based on fighting There was much more in the war than just fighting, nurses were also a huge part because they were the ones who would help the wounded men. Without the nurses, more individuals could have possibly died. Even though they were not trained nurses, they would still help individuals, they were not trained because there were no actual schools for nursing. Before the Civil War, most of the medical related things were done at home. Women would have the job of taking care of whoever was hurt or sick in their family because there were not many hospitals. Nursing outside of home was looked down because it put women in contact with strange men (Civil War and Nursing). Women were not used to being around individuals that they did not know, since they would always do everything medical related at home, in other words, women did not work as nurses outside of home (Wright). Nurses making an impact Nurses made an impact during and after the war. Before the war, most of the nurses were men, very few women to none at all (Moore). At the beginning of the war, there was a small amount of men that were nurses, so women had to fill in the gaps. Over 3,000 women served as nurses (Egenes). The men were not happy with the women filling in the gaps. The women would take way better care of the patients that they would get, not like the men, they would feed them, write letters, read and prayed to the patients, while the men would only see what the patient had wrong and fix the problem or give them the medicine that was necessary for what they had (Nurses in the Civil War). The nurses were either accepted or rejected, they used middle and upper class women as caretakers, and they earned a wage by doing certain things (Hermann). Soldiers in the Union army were not the only individuals who knew that women were soldiers too, normal citizens also knew, the US Army had tried denying that women p layed a military role, but most individuals already knew that was not the case (Blanton). The Union and the Confederacy were both not prepared to take care of many injured soldiers. After the first major battle, nearly 1,600 men were wounded and were taken to local hospitals. When the hospitals were full, some of the soldiers had to go to houses and they would get treated there. Medical students that were at a nearby school, were brought into dress wounds and if any of the students knew how to cook, they were asked to provide food. Only thirty eight doctors, in both the North and the South combined were trained to treat wounds, so it was even more hard, since the hospitals would get full and not many individuals were trained to do the job (Zeinert). Since there were no organizations of trained nurses in the United States, it took the damage of the Crimean War, which was seven years before the Civil War, it took the arrangement of Florence Nightingale for modern nursing concepts and trained care (Burns). She was an important female in the evolution of nursing in the Civil War, she was born into a pretty wealthy family. Instead of wanting to get married, she decided she wanted to help and take care of the individuals that were sick and wounded. She was trained as a nurse at a convent school, which is a school that is meant for girls, the school was in Germany she also ran a hospital in London when the Crimean War started. In the year 1859, she published a book named, Notes on Nursing many American females read it and it was the way that they got prepared to become nurses when the Civil War approached (Furbee). She demonstrated the need for trained nursing care to not only support physicians and surgeons work but also helping with the sanitary, social and psychological needs of servicemen. She cleared the path for middle and upper class women to seek a nursing career as an acceptable lifestyle (Burns). About eight years after the war ended, the first couple of American Nursing schools were modeled after Florence Nightingales schools in England and they accepted only women, and almost all of them were white (Nurse.com). The Union Army organized women to serve in hospitals before the confederates did. The Northern Army chose Dorothea Dix as their superintendent (Furbee). Dorothea was authorized to create a volunteer nurse corps and regulate the supplies that were donated to the troops, she was not trained in nursing but she had great organizational skills and was all around familiar with handing safe political and social power. She had strict restrictions for the women that wanted to work as nurse corps, Dorothea prefered and wanted them to look plain in appearance and to be older than thirty years old. (Burns) Women would also work as scouts, spies, prison guards, cooks and fight in combat. Since they could not be in the war legally, some were scouts, which are irregular soldiers, spies in both the confederate and the union, which meant that they did not have to show much of their identity, since they would just look at specific people and then report it to their commanders. The prison guards would just watch what would go around at the prison, the cooks would just cook for the people that were fighting and they would not have to be seen, since they would most likely be inside a kitchen cooking, there would be more women cooking since it was their job, as housewives, to cook, clean, and take care of their children (Righthand). They wanted to accomplish something, so they ended up opening the nursing profes sion to future women. Nursing was not just going to be a profession for men anymore, women were going to be able to accomplish and do something that men did but without getting into a problem. Women of Color being treated differently Women were not treated right and equal to the men. Their jobs even depended on their race (Gaydos). An example being that African-American women had to do the hardest jobs menial labor jobs, ordered to work among the most dangerously ill patients, or assigned to care for African-American soldiers (Nurses in the Civil War). Females of color were treated opposite from females that were white, just because of their color. An example of them being treated differently was that the women from the Union were paid by the Union army to raise cotton on plantations for the government from the north to sell. A women in the Civil War, named Susie King Taylor was a nurse, cook, and a laundress, she was raised on an island off the coast in Georgia. She wrote a diary based on what she had experienced with the Union army. In her diary she wrote about how she was treated unequal. She stated that the first couple of troops did not get any sort of payment for eighteen months, the wives of the troops had to support themselves by doing various things for the officers, such as washing and making desserts, which they sold to the men in the camp. In the year 1863, the government made a decision of giving the troops half pay but the black troops did not accept any of it, they instead wanted to give their services to the state. This was just a glimpse of how colored were treated differently than the whites (Sheldon). An important individual during the Civil War was Harriet Tubman, she was a colored individual and was a fugitive slave, which is a person that escaped from slavery, she helped other slaves be free through the Underground Railroad, that was not an actual railroad. The railroad was actually a secret network of abolitionists and helped the slaves settle in the North of the United States and Canada, where slavery was banned. She served the Union during the Civil War, she volunteered as a cook, nurse, and laundress for the Union troops who had taken over South Carolina (Hillstrom). She offered her services to the Union Army and provided nursing care for the black soldiers and slaves that had barely gone free, she also worked with a general and began spying and scouting missions behind the Confederate lines (Battlefields.org). Sanitary Commision In the year 1861, the federal government established the United States Sanitary Commision. It was meant to promote clean and healthy conditions in the Union Army. The Sanitary Commision attempted to take place of the Womens Central Relief Association. The Womens Central Relief Association was established by a group of men and women from New York and was meant to bring together the exercises of the numerous Ladies Aid Societies. The WCRA included Elizabeth Blackwell, which was the first female to have received a medical degree in the United States. The Sanitary Commision was mostly involved by getting supplies by home-front societies and getting them to where they were needed (Williams). Many soldiers still died, despite the Sanitary Commision, over 500,000 died from disease. All kinds of groups and women volunteered and collected goods for the soldiers in the field (American Civil War). In the year 1847 Elizabeth Blackwell decided she wanted to study medicine and began looking for admission to a medical school. All the leading schools rejected her application and after after being rejected many times, she got accepted to Geneva Medical College.She had a hard time being there, especially because there were mostly men there and they would harass Elizabeth. In 1849 she graduated first from her class and became the first female in the United States to graduate from medical school and the first modern-day female doctor of medicine. She moved to England and established a private event, which helped organize the National Health Society in 1871, she was a professor at a medical school for women in London for thirty-two years (Britannica). The Doctor Mary Walker was a doctor and a womens rights activist who was the first woman to receive the Medal of Honor for her service during the Civil War. She served as an assistant surgeon during the Civil War and got caught and imprisoned by the Confederate army (Biography.com). When she requested to serve, the army did not take her seriously, since she was a female and men were the ones who would mostly do everything. In the year 1863 she was finally given an official appointment as an army doctor (Blashfield). Women pretending to be men The females from the South had no such thing as sanitary commision. Over 400 women are known to have gone to war as actual soldiers, secretly, since it was illegal for women to be in the army. The soldiers who were identified as women were discovered after they were killed, hurt or gave birth (Blashfield). At least 250 women dressed as men and fought for both the Union and Confederacy in mostly every battle during the Civil War. They were obviously expected to do everything that men did, not just because they were women meant that they could get away from doing things, especially because other individuals did not know that they were females and not males. Some of the women followed their loved ones into the field, while some others wanted to just have the freedom that men had. Some females did not mind if they got hurt, they were willing to get damaged, get sick, mangling and even death gives out an idea of the kind of life that they had and were willing to do anything (Schulte). Clara Barton One of the most important females during the Civil War, was Clara Barton. Barton was a really important individual that played a big part in the Civil War, she was the founder of the American Red Cross and an independent Civil War nurse (MacLean). She did not have any formal training as a nurse, she just used her common sense, courage, and compassion. (History.com). At the beginning of the Civil War, her and her sister, Sally, did what they could and did their best to try and help the men that were wounded. Both Clara and Sally realized that the men did not have that many good supplies and were all pretty simple that the wounds would most likely not get much better, so Clara decided to do something about it and organized a way of getting supplies. All through the Civil War, Clara headed out from battle to battle, doing what she could to nurse the troopers back to wellbeing. She was sufficiently courageous to go straight up to where the battling was occurring. Numerous officers were c omforted by her essence and she wound up known as the Angel of the Battlefield (Nelson). As the war went on, she was reached at times to correspond with family relatives of individuals that were missing, wounded or dead. In the year 1869, Clara went up to Europe for rest and was well informed about the International Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland, it had established an international agreement that was known as Geneva Treaty, which laid rules for the care of the sick and wounded in war time. When she came back to the United States, she requested political help for America to enter the Geneva Treaty. President A. Arthur marked the arrangement in 1882 and the American Red Cross was conceived on account of Barton (History.com). She was one of the few volunteers that went to the Washington Infirmary Care to take care of wounded soldiers. Barton and her supply wagons went with the Union armed force offering help to Union setbacks and Confederate prisoners (American Battlefield). The army quartermaster in Washington also contributed by providing supplies, such as transportation but Clara Barton was the one who mostly contributed because most of the supplies were purchased or donated from her own funds (History.com). Clara would put advertisements in the newspaper, requesting for donations, many individuals donated many things, that she had to rent warehouses to hold everything that was donated (Furbee). There were successes and failures for understanding the Red Cross (Burton). In 1891, the Clara Barton house was built, which was actually used as a storage house for the American Red Cross supplies and in 1897, it was remodeled to serve as the headquarters of the American Red Cross (National Park Service). If it was not for Clara Barton, the American Red Cross would not exist; she believed in equal rights and helped everyone, she did not care about the gender, race or in the economic situation that individuals were in. Women have not had it easy their whole lives. They have gone through a lot. Especially when being something medical related, such as a nurse because the profession was dominated by men and barely any women played a part in it. But because of important and special individuals, such as Florence Nightingale, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, and Harriet Tubman, jobs are not really dominated by men anymore. Especially nursing and how some of them were the firsts to receive awards, becoming the first female to graduate from medical school, or like Clara Barton and founding the American Red Cross. The big accomplishments that some of these females have done is why women have the opportunity of working in jobs with men. Not everything that these women did was easy, they sacrifices and it has affected the future. Hillstrom, Kevin, and Laurie Collier. Hillstrom. American Civil War: Biographies. Vol. 2, UXL, 2000. Blashfield, Jean F. Women at the Front: Their Changing Roles in the Civil War. Franklin Watts, 1997. Zeinert, Karen. Those Courageous Women of the Civil War. Lerner Publishing Group, 1998 Furbee, Mary R. Outrageous Women of Civil War Times. Jossey-Bass, 2003. Nelson, Ken. Biography: Clara Barton for Kids. Ducksters, Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI) Burton, David Henry. Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity?: In the Service of Humanity. Praeger, 1995